In order to save development and approval costs, the antenna, frequency bands, groundplane size and housing should be at the beginning of development. If the company lacks in-house experience with radio, antennas and worldwide approval, we recommend consulting an external consultant. The following text is intended to make you think. I use real radio networks […]
In the download links you will find the data sheets for the NB-IoT / LTE-M modules Quectel BG77 and BG95. The rough differences to BG96 have been highlighted in color. The fact that a BF77 requires an area of only 14 mm x 15 mm is not to be mentioned. I have marked that there […]
The simulation is taken from my IoT / M2M Cookbook. About 30 % of the book is about the integration of antennas into an enclosure. The antenna structure is explained in detail in the book and can be easily reproduced. The green to yellow marked area shows the radiated power from 0 dBi to 1.64 […]
If an RF signal is transmitted to an antenna, a part of the signal will be reflected. The return loss in the antenna data sheet indicates how much energy is reflected by the antenna. For mobile radio antennas, for LTE Cat-NB1, GSM, UMTS or LTE, a return loss of -6 dB at the band ends […]
The upper left graph illustrates the measurement of a filter with two ports at the Vector Network Analyser (VNA). Port 1 is feeding the device under test and is measuring the reflection. Port 2 is measuring the received energy. The lower right graph is showing a typical return loss measurement of an antenna. Has this […]
To explain the principle of operation of a VNA, I use an optical lens for comparison. Light arriving at the lens is partly reflected. However, a large part of the light is directed through it. The part of the light that is reflected and the part that is transmitted can be measured. A VNA measures […]
Parameters of antennas In addition to the mechanical dimensions and the type of connection, data sheets for antennas specify various electrical and physical parameters. 1. Antenna gain The antenna gain is a relative quantity that refers to a reference antenna. The reference value is the receiving field strength of the selected antenna in receiving direction […]
The 4 cent antenna works perfectly. Two coins with a value of 2 Euro Cent at the end of a coaxial cable form a good antenna. We tried the same with coins valued at 1 cent and 5 cents. There is always an antenna. The 2 x 2 Cent antenna for 2400 MHz is not […]
It’s time to switch to NB-IoT and LTE-M. With the Quectel BG77, anyone can now develop his or her own wristwatch with a cellular radio. With dimensions at only 14 mm x 15 mm, building a locating device in a matchbox is now possible. Since GNSS and cellular can be connected to one antenna interface, […]
This is an example of a typical design process with the various steps leading to a ready-to-use wireless IoT product. Step 1 – Read the IoT/M2M Cookbook The IoT / M2M Cookbook is intended to help developers of wireless IoT / M2M devices to save some time and perhaps to provide some inspiring ideas to […]
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