In order to minimize the risk, the developers of IoT devices try to avoid single source components and services. For microcontrollers and radio modules it becomes difficult, but mostly similar components from different manufacturers are used. The LPWAN technology has to be chosen sooner or later. NB-IoT and LTE-M are offered by different network operators […]
Neustadt am Rübenberge is a town in the northwest of Hannover with an area of 359 km2. Only about 18,000 inhabitants live in the city centre. The remaining 23,000 inhabitants live in the surrounding 33 villages. Neustadt am Rübenberge is the ninth largest town in Germany in terms of area on the list of all […]
The simulation is based on a request in a thread a about LPWAN on LinkedIn. A simulation of an LPWAN gateway on Mount Arapiles in Australia was requested. The height of the gateway antenna above ground was set to 25 m before in other simulations. The height of the antenna at the sensor was set […]
When a rectilinear radio wave hits an edge, it changes its course. This effect is called diffraction. By diffraction, we understand a bending effect during the propagation of electromagnetic and acoustic waves. The diffraction causes a change from the straight-line propagation of the waves and occurs at obstructions, mountains or buildings. A simple, free simulation […]
Low frequencies in the 900 MHz range are a blessing and a curse for LPWAN. The low frequencies spread further in the open field and penetrate the walls of buildings better. But the curse of the low frequencies is the much wider Fresnel zone. To ensure undisturbed transmission, the space between the transmitter and receiver […]
We have explained the basics for calculating the range in the last block posts. The free space attenuation, line of sight and also the prediction of wave propagation on the Hata model are part of the simulation software of the following chapters. Hot air balloons are often used in the unlicensed band to show the […]
Gleiberg Castle is situated on a 300 metre high mountain spur at the western end of the village of Gleiberg of the same-named. The castle structure consists of the rebuilt outer castle and the ruined core castle. The tower is 30 metres high and has a diameter of 11 metres. From the top of the […]
There are many places where you can repeatedly read about the mystical range of 15 km at LPWAN. A manufacturer of LPWAN radio transceivers even advertises with 15 miles to 30 miles on its homepage, which would be 24 km to 48 km. Why not 700 km or 4300 km? None of the range specifications […]
In order to understand why more base stations automatically represent a better network, some explanations are necessary. Sigfox has planned 2400 gateways for Germany. These 2400 gateways are confronted with 24,000 LTE base stations from Vodafone and approximately the same amount from Deutsche Telekom. These 48,000 LTE base stations do not all need to be […]
The message container at LPWAN limits the application in the number of possible bytes per transfer. In addition to the physical container, there is always a logical limit. In the European unlicensed band we have one percent duty cycle in the upload. Therefore, only 36 seconds per hour are available for the protocol header and […]
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