{"id":5215,"date":"2015-07-15T08:16:36","date_gmt":"2015-07-15T06:16:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.gsm-modem.de\/M2M\/?page_id=5215"},"modified":"2019-08-26T21:37:13","modified_gmt":"2019-08-26T19:37:13","slug":"m2m_iot_cookbook","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.gsm-modem.de\/M2M\/m2m_iot_cookbook\/","title":{"rendered":"IoT M2M Cookbook"},"content":{"rendered":"

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How to develop a device based on Wireless Wide Area Network modules<\/h3>\n

Excerpt of the IoT-M2M-Cookbook here<\/a><\/p>\n

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Table of contents
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1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Why Did I Write the IoT\/M2M Cookbook?\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 4
\n2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Fundamental considerations before starting an IoT\/M2M project\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 6
\n3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Certifications and approvals\u00a0\u00a0 6
\n3.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Examples for Radio approvals in EU and US\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 6
\n3.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Examples for Radio approvals in US and Canada (PTCRB) 8
\n3.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Examples for automotive related approvals in Europe\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 8
\n3.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 SAR – Specific Absorption Rate\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 9
\n4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cellular data communication (GPRS, USSD, SMS, CSD, DTMF)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 10
\n4.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Voice communication\u00a0 10
\n4.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Modem\/acoustic coupler\/encryption\u00a0\u00a0 11
\n4.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 DTMF (Dual Tone Multi Frequency)\u00a0\u00a0 11
\n4.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 GPRS (General Packed Radio Service)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 11
\n4.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 SMS\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 12
\n4.6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 USSD (Unstructured Supplementary Service Data)\u00a0 13
\n4.7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Comparison of power consumption (SMS, USSD and GPRS)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 13
\n4.8\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CSD (Circuit Switched Data)\u00a0 14
\n5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Supply voltage\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 15
\n5.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Power on timing and waiting\u00a0 16
\n5.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cellular module in power save mode 16
\n5.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Internal resistance of batteries and linear voltage transformers\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 16
\n5.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Switched mode voltage regulator\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 18
\n5.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Simulation of a switched power supplies with LT Spice\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 19
\n5.6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Capacitors at power supply and cellular module\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 21
\n5.7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Supply voltage for GNSS antenna\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 21
\n6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Antennas for IoT\/M2M devices\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 21
\n6.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Monopole and dipole antennas\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 21
\n6.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Are you sure nothing will interfere with your embedded antenna?\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 22
\n6.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Why do embedded chip or patch antennas have different resonant frequencies?\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 23
\n6.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How will the ground plane affect your embedded antenna?\u00a0 23
\n6.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How to connect your embedded antenna with your wireless module\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 26
\n6.6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How to design an antenna matching circuit\u00a0\u00a0 27
\n6.7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Free of charge software to generate a matching circuit automatically\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 28
\n6.8\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How to switch between an internal and external cellular or GNSS antenna inexpensively\u00a0 29
\n7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 GPS antenna selection for a tracker\u00a0 30
\n7.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Which GPS antenna types we can select from?\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 30
\n7.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A closer look on Bluetooth\/GNSS antennas\u00a0 31
\n8\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 GPS antenna selection for a people or pet tracker\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 33
\n8.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 GPS chip loop antenna type A matched to GPS only – test 1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 35
\n8.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 GPS chip loop antenna type A matched to GPS\/Glonass – test 3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 37
\n8.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Effect of the a human or pet body on GNSS antenna type B\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 37
\n8.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nine different PCB with chip antennas \u2013 just one is under test\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 39
\n8.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Return Loss test of the human\/pet tracker with and without meat\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 40
\n8.6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 GPS chip antenna type B\u00a0 unmatched\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 42
\n8.7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Effect the enclosure on GPS chip antenna type B\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 43
\n8.8\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 GPS chip antenna type B frequency drift caused by temperature change\u00a0\u00a0 44
\n8.9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Effect of the cut-out zone without copper under the GPS chip antenna type B\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 45
\n8.10\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Testing chip antenna performance on the human hand with a special magnetic probe\u00a0\u00a0 46
\n8.11\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Why it is impossible to compare the GSM antenna design with a GPS antenna design?\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 49
\n9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Examples for IoT devices with embedded antennas 50
\n9.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Example: Embedded PCB antenna inside a vending machine\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 51
\n9.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Example: Embedded antennas in Telematic device GPSauge IN1 v.2 of GPSoverIP\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 52
\n10\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Simulation of an embedded GSM PCB track antenna\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 52
\n10.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Definition of the antenna simulation project\u00a0\u00a0 52
\n10.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Description of the inverted F antenna\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 53
\n10.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3D model of the simulation\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 54
\n10.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Optimization – determination of antenna shape\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 54
\n10.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Typical requirements of a quad-band GSM antenna 55
\n10.6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Optimization of the quad-band antenna GSM antenna shape\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 56
\n10.7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Directional characteristics of the antenna for two GSM frequencies 57
\n10.8\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Influence of the housing on antenna characteristics\u00a0 59
\n10.9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Influence of the ground plane on antenna characteristics\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 59
\n10.10\u00a0\u00a0 Optimisation of the simulated antenna with matching circuit 61
\n10.11\u00a0\u00a0 Designing in the simulated antenna to a special GSM\/GPS tracker 62
\n10.12\u00a0\u00a0 Test setup for F-antenna in housing with AC plug\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 64
\n10.13\u00a0\u00a0 Variants of the Dual-IFA in simulation\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 64
\n10.14\u00a0\u00a0 Two NB-IoT-GSM antenna test setups\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 65
\n10.15\u00a0\u00a0 The journey to develop the Gillette order button\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 65
\n10.16\u00a0\u00a0 Dos and don\u2019ts during embedded antenna design\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 73
\n11\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Components around the cellular module\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 74
\n11.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 SIM card\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 74
\n11.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 SIM card subscription 75
\n11.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Low ESR capacitor\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 76
\n11.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ESD protection\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 76
\n11.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Loudspeaker and microphone\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 76
\n11.6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Firmware update for the final PCB\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 77
\n12\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Examples of mistakes and errors during M2M development 77
\n12.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Power down reset\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 77
\n12.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 SMS errors\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 77
\n12.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CSD errors\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 78
\n12.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 IP connection errors\u00a0\u00a0 79
\n12.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Analysis of several design mistakes in one M2M design\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 79
\n12.6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Analysis of mistakes of a PCB track antenna for GSM\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 80
\n12.7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Analysis of a GSM chip antenna on a small ground plane\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 81
\n12.8\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Analysis of a Swiss GSM watch\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 82
\n12.9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Analysis of embedded LTE antenna in detail 82
\n13\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Radiation noise, maximum spurious antenna radiation\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 83
\n13.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Antenna radiation versus radiation noise\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 83
\n13.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Conductive noise\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 85
\n13.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Conductive noise transformed to radiated noise\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 85
\n13.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Radiated noise transformed to conductive noise\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 85
\n13.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Prevention against radiated noise\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 86
\n14\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How to use a vector network analyser for IoT\/M2M development\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 88
\n14.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Quick Start Guide Vector Analyser MiniVNA Tiny\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 90
\n14.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Explanation S11, VSWR, return loss, reflection coefficient and antenna bandwidth\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 92
\n14.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Revealing the truth – four cellular antennas tested with MiniVNA\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 94
\n14.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A comparison of three Vector Network Analysers\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 101
\n14.4.1\u00a0 General overview\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 102
\n14.4.2\u00a0 Graphical presentation of results\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 104
\n14.4.3\u00a0 Save\/recall\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 104
\n14.4.4\u00a0 Exporting\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 105
\n14.4.5\u00a0 Some actual measurements\u00a0\u00a0 106
\n14.4.6\u00a0 Measuring LCR circuit 1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 106
\n14.4.7\u00a0 Measuring LCR circuit 2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 107
\n14.4.8\u00a0 Helical antennas tested with two different Vector Network analysers\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 108
\n15\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Testing your M2M device\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 108
\n15.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 TX power peaks by cellular module test mode\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 108
\n15.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pseudo load of 2 Ampere peak load with self-made function generator\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 108
\n15.2.1\u00a0 Schematic diagram of a self-made function generator\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 109
\n15.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 TX power peaks with a GSM tester\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 109
\n15.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Testing of the sensitivity\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 110
\n15.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Testing radiated TX power\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 110
\n15.6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Where can you buy a cheap cellular tester?\u00a0 110
\n15.7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Example of a measurement report from GSM test equipment\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 111
\n15.8\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ripple and peak voltage – visible on GSM test equipment\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 115
\n15.9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How to test a UMTS module on foreign band\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 116
\n15.10\u00a0\u00a0 Testing with UMTS testers\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 116
\n15.10.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tests without a UMTS tester\u00a0 117
\n15.11\u00a0\u00a0 How to test an LTE module on foreign bands\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 117
\n15.12\u00a0\u00a0 Potential difficulties with LTE modules worldwide\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 118
\n15.13\u00a0\u00a0 Testing the GNSS module\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 119
\n15.14\u00a0\u00a0 Measurement of the cellular antenna in 3D\u00a0\u00a0 119
\n15.15\u00a0\u00a0 Summary of testing\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 120
\n16\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 AT Commands\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 120
\n16.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 AT commands during power on of your cellular module eval. kit\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 120
\n16.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201dHello World\u201d for GSM – AT commands to send a SMS\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 122
\n16.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 AT commands and logic loops to set up a communication channel\u00a0 122
\n17\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Project descriptions of IoT\/M2M devices\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 123
\n17.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Project description of a long-term tracking device\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 123
\n17.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Project description of a flexible tracking device for bank notes\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 124
\n18\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The difference between NB-IoT, LTE-M and GSM\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 125
\n19\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The difference of NB-IoT and LTE-M to LTE Class 1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 129
\n20\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What does an NB-IoT network look like?\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 130
\n20.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cellular base stations in L\u00fcbeck\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 130
\n21\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Power-supply for NB-IoT and LTE-M modules\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 135
\n22\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 From the idea to a final device by NB-IoT\/LTE-M reference design 136
\n22.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Example: NB-IoT\/LTE-M Tracker for construction machines\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 140
\n22.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Example: Wireless IoT Service Button on NB-IoT and LTE-M\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 142
\n23\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Thank you\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 144<\/p>\n

1 Why Did I Write the IoT \/ M2M Cookbook? <\/b><\/h2>\n

I have worked in the Wireless M2M industry for more than a quarter of a century. Twenty-five years ago, we did not even have a word for \u201cM2M\u201d or \u201cIoT\u201d. We developed Machine-to-Machine devices without knowing that decades later these creations would be called \u201cM2M devices\u201d. Twenty-five years ago, the GSM network for wireless data communication did not exist. I took my first steps in wireless data communication with Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) on Private Mobile Radios (PMR). On PMRs, we achieved communication speeds of 3600 bits per second. A little later, we started using public analogue trunked radios. These trunked radio systems provided local terrestrial wireless networks on FSK. Years ago, the last public analogue trunked radio network in Germany was taken out of service. GSM jumped in with its Short Message Service (SMS) and Circuit Switched Data (CSD). CSD provided us 9600 bits per second. We could use SMS and CSD for straightforward countrywide data communication. Later on, GSM roaming offered us worldwide data communication.<\/p>\n

Today, GSM\/GPRS is being gradually phased out and is being replaced by 3G and 4G technology. GSM networks have been switched off in the USA, Australia, Singapore and many other countries. In Germany, the GSM networks remain in place but 3G (UMTS, HSPA) will be phased out in 2020. Similar things are happening in many other countries. 3G is disappearing but 2G remains. In Switzerland, however, GSM is to be switched off completely. Devices for pan-European use must therefore support 2G, 3G and 4G whereas in the USA, NB-IoT or LTE-M is sufficient. There are several parallel NB-IoT and LTE-M networks. NB-IoT and LTE-M are the new stars in the IoT and M2M firmament and combine classic cellular radio networks with LPWAN. The base station antennas for LTE are also used for NB-IoT and LTE-M. Both techniques have new variable timers, which allow the management of wireless activity and extends the potential operational life of devices up to 10 years from one battery.<\/p>\n

Some people try to differentiate between M2M and IoT. Call it IoT or M2M – it does not matter. Applications for IoT or M2M often use the same wireless technology. IoT is the umbrella term for a number of subsets of wireless data communications. M2M is one of these subsets and maybe one of the oldest. Another subset of IoT is called Industry 4.0 or Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). Just wait a while and a new buzz world will always come up.<\/p>\n

This IoT\/M2M Cookbook describes how to develop a tracking device based on cellular and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) modules. You can create a telemetric device by ignoring the GNSS aspect. Typical devices without GNSS include cellular routers with Ethernet ports or a cellular to Wi-Fi bridge. Nevertheless, the navigation system for trucks described in this book already uses six different wireless technologies (2G, 3G, GNSS, Classic Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy and NFC) with five different antennas within one enclosure.<\/p>\n

Cellular networks for GSM, HSPA,LTE, LTE-M and NB-IoT are the popular Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN). However, in some regions we have WWAN over CDMA and WiMAX.<\/p>\n

Sometimes it is not easy to come up with the appropriate English word for the terms in this book. The common word for SMS in UK is “text message”. In this book, we will consistently use the term \u201cSMS\u201d. A prepaid SIM card in UK is called a “Pay as you go SIM card”. I will typically use the common words specified by ETSI – I will call it a prepaid SIM card. If I use the term \u201cGSM module\u201d, this will cover 3G and 4G modules as well, because the fallback of UMTS, HSPA, LTE, LTE-M and NB-IoT is still 2G (GSM\/GPRS). GPS is fundamentally an incorrect term. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is just one out of several GNSS that provide the functionality we refer to as \u201cGPS\u201d. We can currently access the Russian GNSS called Glonass. The Chinese GNSS is called Beidou. At some point, we will be able to access the European GNSS called Galileo, and with the coming of Brexit, there may be a UK-only system in the future.<\/p>\n

The IoT\/M2M Cookbook is intended to help developers of wireless applications save some time and perhaps provide some inspiring ideas. It is a book for makers, and summarises the collective experience gained across my different jobs. By leading the team of developers that is required to design a mobile GSM\/GPS GPS tracking device, I learned to think like a developer of an IoT\/M2M device. In over fifteen years of working with manufacturing and distribution, I have repeatedly provided the same hints and recommendations to developers of wireless applications. The origin of this book was a 14-page application note written in July 2010. In May 2012, I made the decision to document the story that I deliver weekly to customers within a book. The goal of this book is to guide developers from the concept stage of an IoT\/M2M device all the way to the final mass-produced product. This book will not provide introductory details such as how an inverted F antenna works. To explain those concepts, I will provide links to relevant supporting information. In any case, this book will provide you with information that is often omitted in the official radio module and antenna manufacturers\u2019 documentation. This book shows an inverted F PCB antenna for GSM, NB-IoT and LTE-M in detail. It explains how to redesign it with your own PCB and how to encapsulate the whole design in epoxy resin. It also explains how to integrate a chip or PCB antenna with coaxial cable. Moreover, it explains success stories of self-made PCB antennas in mass production. The order button on a cellular module for Gillette razor blades is such an example. Some power supply concepts including LT Spice modules for DC\/DC regulators and load generator for the 2 Ampere peak currents are included in the book, too. It should be noted that the power down reset is still the main fault in designs with cellular modules.<\/p>\n

I hope you will enjoy reading the book and I hope it will save you some time as well.<\/p>\n